Celtic Tribe Danube Silver Tetradrachm Greek Style Coin as Philip III i51205

Description

Item:
i51205
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
CELTIC, Danube Region, in the style of Philip III, (c.2nd - 1st century B.C.)
Silver Tetradrachm 29mm (14.81 grams) struck circa 2nd - 1st century B.C.
Reference: S.212, CCCBM Vol.I, 198
Crude head of
Hercules
right, wearing the lion-skin headdress.
Zeus
Aetophoros seated left, holding
eagle
and scepter; monogram in field to left; I below throne.
* Numismatic Note: The Celtic peoples would issue their own versions of the coins of their neighbors, such as the Greeks which have their own unique style to behold.
The reason they did this as they traded with the Greeks and their coins were popular and recognized for trade, so they struck their own.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
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The Celts
(pronounced
/ˈkɛlts/
or /ˈsɛlts/, see
Celtic
pronunciation of
) were a diverse group of
tribal societies
in
Iron Age
and
Roman-era
Europe
who spoke
Celtic languages
.
Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples:
core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC
maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BC
Lusitanian area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain
the "six Celtic nations" which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period
areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
The earliest archaeological culture commonly accepted as Celtic, or rather
Proto-Celtic
, was the
central European
Hallstatt culture
(c. 800-450 BC), named for the rich grave finds in
Hallstatt
, Austria. By the later
La Tène
period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture had expanded over a wide range of regions, whether by
diffusion
or
migration
: to the
British Isles
(
Insular Celts
), the
Iberian Peninsula
(
Celtiberians
,
Celtici
and
Gallaeci
), much of
Central Europe
, (
Gauls
) and following the
Gallic invasion of the Balkans
in 279 BC as far east as central
Anatolia
(
Galatians
).
The earliest directly attested examples of a Celtic language are the
Lepontic
inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC.
Continental Celtic languages
are attested only in inscriptions and place-names.
Insular Celtic
is attested from about the 4th century AD in
ogham inscriptions
, although it is clearly much earlier. Literary tradition begins with
Old Irish
from about the 8th century. Coherent texts of
Early Irish literature
, such as the
Táin Bó Cúailnge
(
The Cattle Raid of Cooley
), survive in 12th-century recensions. According to the theory of
John T. Koch
and others, the
Tartessian language
may have been the earliest directly attested Celtic language with the Tartessian written script used in the inscriptions based on a version of a Phoenician script in use around 825 BC.
By mid 1st millennium AD, following the expansion of the
Roman Empire
and the
Great Migrations
(
Migration Period
) of
Germanic peoples
, Celtic culture and
Insular Celtic
had become restricted to
Ireland
and to the western and northern parts of
Great Britain
(
Wales
,
Scotland
,
Cornwall
and the
Isle of Man
) and northern
France
(
Brittany
). The
Continental Celtic languages
ceased to be widely used by the 6th century.
Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the
Gaels
(
Irish
,
Scottish
and
Manx
), the
Brythonic
Celts (
Welsh
,
Cornish
, and
Bretons
) of the medieval and modern periods. A modern "
Celtic identity
" was constructed in the context of the Romanticist
Celtic Revival
in Great Britain (Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man) and Ireland. In France a similar revival of
Breton
is taking place in
Brittany
.
Hercules
is the Roman name for the Greek
divine
hero
Heracles
, who was the son of
Zeus
(Roman equivalent
Jupiter
) and the mortal
Alcmene
. In
classical mythology
, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.
The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name
Hercules
. In later
Western art
and literature and in
popular culture
,
Hercules
is more commonly used than
Heracles
as the name of the hero. Hercules was a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later artists and writers to pick and choose how to represent him. This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the
later tradition
.
Labours
Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches of the
Greco-Roman world
. One cycle of these adventures became
canonical
as the "Twelve Labours," but the list has variations. One traditional order of the labours is found in the
Bibliotheca
as follows:
Slay the
Nemean Lion
.
Slay the nine-headed
Lernaean Hydra
.
Capture the
Golden Hind of Artemis
.
Capture the
Erymanthian Boar
.
Clean the
Augean
stables in a single day.
Slay the
Stymphalian Birds
.
Capture the
Cretan Bull
.
Steal the
Mares of Diomedes
.
Obtain the girdle of
Hippolyta
, Queen of the
Amazons
.
Obtain the cattle of the monster
Geryon
.
Steal the apples of the
Hesperides
.
Capture and bring back
Cerberus
.
The
Latin
name
Hercules
was borrowed through
Etruscan
, where it is represented variously as
Heracle
, Hercle, and other forms. Hercules was a favorite subject for
Etruscan art
, and appears often on
bronze mirrors
. The Etruscan form
Herceler
derives from the Greek
Heracles
via
syncope
. A mild oath invoking Hercules (
Hercule!
or
Mehercle!
) was a common
interjection
in
Classical Latin
.
Baby Hercules strangling a
snake
sent to
kill him in his
cradle
(Roman marble, 2nd century CE)
Hercules had a number of
myths
that were distinctly Roman. One of these is Hercules' defeat of
Cacus
, who was terrorizing the countryside of Rome. The hero was associated with the
Aventine Hill
through his son
Aventinus
.
Mark Antony
considered him a personal patron god, as did the emperor
Commodus
. Hercules received various forms of
religious veneration
, including as a
deity concerned with children and childbirth
, in part because of myths about his precocious infancy, and in part because he fathered countless children. Roman brides wore a special belt tied with the "
knot of Hercules
", which was supposed to be hard to untie.
[4]
The comic playwright
Plautus
presents the myth of Hercules' conception as a sex comedy in his play
Amphitryon
;
Seneca
wrote the tragedy
Hercules Furens
about his bout with madness. During the
Roman Imperial era
, Hercules was worshipped locally from
Hispania
through
Gaul
.
Medieval mythography
After the Roman Empire became
Christianized
, mythological narratives were often reinterpreted as
allegory
, influenced by the philosophy of
late antiquity
. In the 4th century,
Servius
had described Hercules' return from the underworld as representing his ability to overcome earthly desires and vices, or the earth itself as a consumer of bodies. In medieval mythography, Hercules was one of the heroes seen as a strong role model who demonstrated both valor and wisdom, with the monsters he battles as moral obstacles. One
glossator
noted that when
Hercules became a constellation
, he showed that strength was necessary to gain entrance to Heaven.
Medieval mythography was written almost entirely in Latin, and original Greek texts were little used as sources for Hercules' myths.
Renaissance mythography
The
Renaissance
and the invention of the
printing press
brought a renewed interest in and publication of Greek literature. Renaissance mythography drew more extensively on the Greek tradition of Heracles, typically under the Romanized name Hercules, or the alternate name
Alcides
. In a chapter of his book
Mythologiae
(1567), the influential mythographer
Natale Conti
collected and summarized an extensive range of myths concerning the birth, adventures, and death of the hero under his Roman name Hercules. Conti begins his lengthy chapter on Hercules with an overview description that continues the moralizing impulse of the Middle Ages:
Hercules, who subdued and destroyed monsters, bandits, and criminals, was justly famous and renowned for his great courage. His great and glorious reputation was worldwide, and so firmly entrenched that he'll always be remembered. In fact the ancients honored him with his own temples, altars, ceremonies, and priests. But it was his wisdom and great soul that earned those honors; noble blood, physical strength, and political power just aren't good enough.
In the
ancient Greek
religion,
Zeus
was the "Father of Gods and men" (
πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε
)
who ruled the Olympians of
Mount Olympus
as a father ruled the family. He was the
god of sky
and
thunder
in
Greek mythology
. His
Roman
counterpart is
Jupiter
and
Etruscan
counterpart is
Tinia
.
Zeus was the child of
Cronus
and
Rhea
, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he was married to
Hera
, although, at the oracle of
Dodona
, his consort was
Dione
: according to the
Iliad
, he is the father of
Aphrodite
by Dione. He is known for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including
Athena
,
Apollo
and
Artemis
,
Hermes
,
Persephone
(by
Demeter
),
Dionysus
,
Perseus
,
Heracles
,
Helen of Troy
,
Minos
, and the
Muses
(by
Mnemosyne
); by Hera, he is usually said to have fathered
Ares
,
Hebe
and
Hephaestus
.
As
Walter Burkert
points out in his book,
Greek Religion
, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence." For the Greeks, he was the
King of the Gods
, who oversaw the universe. As
Pausanias
observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's
Theogony
Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the
Homeric Hymns
he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods.
His symbols are the
thunderbolt
,
eagle
,
bull
, and
oak
. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the
Ancient Near East
, such as the
scepter
. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
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